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For a two-asset portfolio, the risk of the portfolio, σp, is: 2222p1122112212222p11221212121212σ=wσ+wσ+2wσwσρorσ=wσ+wσ+2wwcovcov since ρ=σσ where σi is the standard deviation of asset i's returns, ρ12 is the correlation between the returns of asset 1 and 2, and cov12 is the covariance between the returns of asset 1 and 2. Problem What is the portfolio standard deviation for a two-asset portfolio comprised of the following two assets if the correlation of their returns is 0.5? Asset A Asset B Expected return 10% 20% Standard deviation of expected returns 5% 20% Amount invested $40,000 $60,000
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How do you calculate risk on a two-asset portfolio?
For a two-asset portfolio, the risk of the portfolio, σp, is: 2222p1122112212222p11221212121212σ=wσ+wσ+2wσwσρorσ=wσ+wσ+2wwcovcov since ρ=σσ where σi is the standard deviation of asset i's returns, ρ12 is the correlation between the returns of asset 1 and 2, and cov12 is the covariance between the returns of asset 1 and 2. Problem What is the portfolio standard deviation for a two-asset portfolio comprised of the following two assets if the correlation of their returns is 0.5? Asset A Asset B Expected return 10% 20% Standard deviation of expected returns 5% 20% Amount invested $40,000 $60,000
Would you get the largest reduction in risk by spreading your portfolio across two stocks?
Your risk is reduced by investing in stocks with low correlation (prices do not move in sync). This is the basis of modern portfolio theory (look it up at investopedia).
Is it possible 4 an investor to construct a zero risk portfolio of two securities?
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What are the two key ideas of modern portfolio theory?
The two key ideas of modern portfolio theory are diversification and the trade-off between risk and return. Diversification involves spreading investments across different assets to reduce risk, while the risk-return trade-off suggests that investors should seek an optimal balance between risk and potential return based on their risk tolerance.
What is basis risk?
Basis risk refers to the potential mismatch between the price movements of a hedging instrument and the underlying asset being hedged. It arises when there is a lack of perfect correlation between the two, leading to the risk that the hedging instrument may not fully offset the price movements of the underlying asset, resulting in financial losses. Basis risk is commonly encountered in derivative contracts and hedging strategies.
It is impossible to construct a portfolio of risky assets whose return is equal to the risk-free rate?
Practically Yes. A portfolio that is aggressive (risky) is entirely different from the one that is risk free (conservative) An aggressive portfolio is designed with the motive of earning high returns on our investment. This is suitable only for high risk investors for whom capital preservation is not a priority. They are ready to take the risk to ensure that their money is growing at a rate that far outpaces inflation. An aggressive portfolio is one that has exposure to equity related components to the level of at least 70% or more. The remaining portion is invested in safe instruments like bank deposits, bonds etc. A conservative portfolio is one in which our main aim is capital protection. The gains may be small but the capital we invested would not erode in value. That is the reason why 75% or even more of the portfolio is invested in safe instruments. Only the remaining is invested in moderate risk to high risk instruments. So, matching the returns on the two types of portfolios is extremely difficult and practically impossible.
1 What is the relationship between risk and return as per CAPM?
Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), is a theory that explains how asset prices are formed in the market place. The CAPM is an extension of portfolio theory(Markowitz) which was developed by William Sharpe, John Lintner and Jan Mossin to examine what would be the relationship between risk and return in the capital market if investors behaved in conformity with the prescription of portfolio theory. The CAPM has implications for:Risk-return relationship for an efficient portfolioRisk-return relationship for an individual asset or securityIdentification of under and over-valued assets traded in the marketPricing of assets not yet traded in the marketEffect of leverage on cost of equityCapital budgeting decisions and cost of capital andRisk of the firm through diversification of project portfolio.Assumptions of CAPM:Individuals are risk-averse.Individuals seek to maximize the expected utility of their portfolios over a single period planning horizon.Individuals have expectations that are homogeneous. This essentially means that they have similar subjective estimates of the means, variances and covariances among returns.Investors can borrow and lend freely at the riskless rate of interest.The market is perfect. The assumption is that there are no taxes, no transaction costs, securities are completely divisible and the market is also competitive.The quantity of risky securities in the market is given.Elements of the CAPM:There are 2 elements of the CAPM. They are:Capital Market Line andSecurity Market Line.Capital Market Line:It depicts the risk-return relationship for efficient portfolios. It serves two functions. Firstly, it depicts the risk-return relationship for efficient portfolios available to investors. Secondly, it shows that the appropriate measure of risk for an efficient portfolio is the standard deviation of return on the portfolio.Security Market Line:It is a graphic representation of CAPM and describes the market price of risk in capital market. Risk averse investors seek risk premium to invest in risky assets. The risk is variability in return and the total risk consists of both systematic risk and unsystematic risk. Generally, the investor can avoid unsystematic risk by diversifying his investment in portfolio. But systematic risk is unavoidable. The market compensates for systematic risk only, according to the capital market theory. The level of systematic risk in an asset is measured by the beta coefficient, represented by the symbol β. The CAPM links beta to the level of required return.CAPM model: Ke= Rf+ β (Km- Rf)Where:Ke=Expected return or cost of equityRf=Risk-free rateβ=Beta or Beta coefficientKm=Expected return on market portfolio (or) equity market required returnSecurity Market Line (SML)Example 1:Given: Required rate of return on a portfolio = 17%; Beta = 1.1; Risk-free rate = 5%. What is the expected rate of return on the market portfolio?Ke= Rf+ β (Km- Rf)17% = 5% + 1.1 (Km– 5%)Km= 0.159 or 15.9% or 16%.Example 2:Given, the risk-free rate is 8%; Expected return on market portfolio = 14%; Beta = 1.25. Investors believe that stock will provide an expected return of 17%. What is the expected return as per CAPM and the "alpha" of the stock?Expected return as per CAPM=0.08 + 1.25 (0.14 - 0.08)=>0.155 or 15.5%.Alpha of the stock = 17.00% -15.55%=>1.5%(The excess return over the expected return according to the CAPM is termed as "alpha").Online Live Tutor Finance Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM):We have the best tutors in finance in the industry. Our tutors can break down a complex Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) problem into its sub parts and explain to you in detail how each step is performed. This approach of breaking down a problem has been appreciated by majority of our students for learning Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) concepts. You will get one-to-one personalized attention through our online tutoring which will make learning fun and easy. Our tutors are highly qualified and hold advanced degrees. Please do send us a request for Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) tutoring and experience the quality yourself.Online Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) Help - Finance:If you are stuck with a Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) Homework problem and need help, we have excellent tutors who can provide you with Homework Help. Our tutors who provide Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) help are highly qualified. Our tutors have many years of industry experience and have had years of experience providing Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) Homework Help. Please do send us the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) problems on which you need Help and we will forward then to our tutors for review.
What does imperfect asset substitutability assume?
Imperfect Asset substitutability assumes that returns from two assets in different countries differ in equilibrium. The main reason is risk, i.e. If bonds denominated in different currencies have diverse degree of risk, investors will hold very risky assets if and only if the expected return is relatively high.
What are the key differences between direct investment and portfolio investment, and how do they impact an investor's overall strategy?
Direct investment involves owning a significant stake in a specific company, giving the investor control and influence over its operations. Portfolio investment, on the other hand, involves investing in a diverse range of assets, providing more liquidity and lower risk. The impact on an investor's overall strategy depends on their goals and risk tolerance. Direct investment may offer higher potential returns but also higher risk, while portfolio investment offers diversification and liquidity but potentially lower returns. Investors must consider their objectives and risk tolerance when deciding between the two approaches.
Model test paper of ncfm investment analysis and portfolio management?
A portfolio comprises of two stock A and B. Stock A gives a return of 9% and Stock B gives a return of 6%. Stock A has a weight of 60% in the portfolio. What is the portfolio return?
When two asset accounts are changed in a transaction there must be an increase and a decrease?
yes accounting equation is asset = liability +own's equity. the transaction is a decrease on account recceivable of asset and an increase on capital of asset. therefore, the equation is balanced.
What is Portfolio matrix?
this is an asignment made in some schools or programs such as the International Bachaullarate. you need to accomplish 2 portfolios throughout the two years. they account for 20% of your final grade. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The portfolio matrix or BCG Matrix is a portfolio management tools that can be used to determine what priorities should be given in the product portfolio.
