Distance = (Rate) x (Time) or in this case: Time = Distance / Rate So figure out how far the rocket has to travel (distance) and at what speed (rate) and divide the two numbers.
The maths and geometry are quite involved.Imagine the earth as a sphere and a circle imposed on the surface with the earths centre as its centre (known as a giant circle)Now imagine you can manipulate the circle from its centre until it passes through the two points you need to measure between.Then calculate the angle between the points and the centreThen calculate the length of the arc(the giant circle has a radius of 6371000 metres)measuring distance on earth then is complex, though there will probablybe some kind of calculator on the web.
One year is the time it takes the earth to make one circle around the sun.
By unit of length and distance and conversion ,we can say that the distance from Earth to sun is calculated with the help of light years.
0.929c formula is: vbe =( vae +vba )/(1+( vae *vba )/c2 )
The Earth's atmosphere is just gas, just like an airplane can get through clouds, a rocket can get through the Earth's atmosphere.
The diameter of the Earth is 12742 km or about 8000 miles.
The length of the equator would be approximately 24881.4 miles. Using the circumference formula 2(pi)(r) where pi is 3.141592654... and r is the radius (3960 in this case) you can find the length of the circle, the equator. 7920 in reality, is the diameter which is distance of a single straight line that starts and ends on the circle and passes through the center of the circle.
The Earth's Gravitational field
No, the distance of earth from the sun is independent of day length which has to do with the rotational rate of the earth about its axis, except under extreme cases. If the earth where sufficiently close to the sun it would become tidally locked meaning that the same side of the earth would always face the sun. This is the case with mercury which is tidally locked with the sun and the moon which is tidally locked with the earth. The size of the orbit does however determine the length of an earth year. Being the earth's orbit is very nearly circular I will refer to it as a circle for clarity. A smaller circle means a shorter year (ie less time to make a complete trip around the sun often referred to as an orbital period) and a larger circle means a longer year.
I have heard of a single stage rocket ever being able to escape Earth's gravity.
Actually, Eratosthenes of Cyrene (276? - 195? B.C.) was the first to calculate the Earth's circumference accurately. He is supposed to be the inventor.
It is a circle because, the earth is a circle, and the equator stretches all the way around the earth.