For most common uses, permission is issued by film licensing corporations such as those listed at the link below.
The person responsible for ensuring that all necessary permissions are obtained before a work is published is typically the publisher or the copyright holder of the work. It is their responsibility to secure permission from any third-party content creators or copyright owners whose work is being used in the publication.
Contact the owners of the copyright or their agents. If you have the image in digital form, the copyright holder's details may be in the 'metadata' belonging to the image, look at 'Properties', or 'Info'.
You just use the contact information in any copyright notice associated with the work and then you can call them or send them a mail. sometimes you could even search for their contact information on Google® Search, or similar. For example, a publisher of a book or sound recording may not actually own the copyright, but they will certainly have contact information for those who do, perhaps through an agent. If you want a license to use music, you might also try ASCAP or BMI, which represent millions of titles. Some copyright owners have also registered their copyrights. In the USA, the Copyright Office maintains an online database that you can search for information about the owners of a particular copyright. Countries with voluntary registration systems include the UK, Italy, Spain, Brazil, and more than 40 others.
Yes; if you write a book and I illustrate it, we can be co-owners of the copyright.
Sometimes you contact the copyright and/or trademark owners directly, and sometimes you go through an administrator or clearinghouse. It depends on the use, the owner, and more.
YouTube and copyright owners decide what content appears on YouTube. YouTube decides based on the community guidelines while copyright owners decide based on copyright laws.
ECB
It is the policy of Answers Corporation to respect the legitimate rights of copyright and other intellectual property owners.
Only the owners of a copyright may file a lawsuit to enforce their rights.
Joint authors of a work are joint owners of the copyright. Also, an author or other owner of a copyright can transfer copyright ownership to any number of other joint owners. Similarly, multiple heirs of an estate may inherit joint or common ownership of the copyrights owned by the decedent.
In general, content creators and owners support copyright legislation, as it almost always benefits them. A current supporter of copyright in the US is Utah Senator Orrin Hatch, who as a songwriter, is a member of ASCAP.
Copyright protected or trademark images, such as cartoon characters, require licenses from their owners.