As soon as it is fixed in a tangible medium, it is automatically protected by copyright. However if this was a school assignment, copyright MAY go to the school rather than the individual (this is often the case in US colleges and universities).
Business names cannot be protected by copyright, but you can register it as a trademark for $375 on paper, $275 electronically.
The copyright page of a book gives much more information than just the copyright. It includes the cataloging data from the country of origin, edition information, and often even the typeface and paper quality.
It is not possible to copyright a name right away, as in immediately. The current processing times for Copyright registration with the U.S. office is 2.5 months for e-filing, and 5.6 months for paper filing
You will have to get these from the University, as they are copyright.
First, you do not need to apply for a copyright unless you plan to enforce it; your songs were copyrighted automatically the moment they were written on paper. The "music", if any, would have its own copyright once it is composed and recorded, whether it is put onto paper or not. In fact, each new sound recording of a new performance of the music is a slightly different "creation" and would have its own "sound recording" copyright, which is owned by the performers or producer.
You need written permission from the photographer.
As long as all of the material is your own original work, yes.
Facts which are not considered common knowledge should be cited, regardless of copyright. Wikipedia articles, for example, should still be cited.
In the US, works created before 1923 are in the public domain. Unfortunately there is no reasonable way of determining the copyright status of works 1923-1963 without searching the paper records at the Copyright Office.
US works prior to 1923 are in the public domain, and works 1923-1963 are in the public domain if they were not renewed. Unfortunately, it is more or less impossible to determine whether copyright was renewed without searching the paper records of the Copyright Office.
The earliest, The Starter, will be protected through 2018 if it was properly renewed. Since there is no way of verifying renewal besides searching the paper records at the Copyright Office, it is generally easiest to assume the copyright was renewed.
No, apart form some copyright issues, it is not a professional way in which to behave.