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The activity sequencing process is used to arrange the schedule activities in the appropriate order, which takes into account the dependencies among the activities. For example, if Activity B depends upon the product of Activity A, then Activity A must be performed before Activity B.

By definition, the successor activity must start after the predecessor activity has already started. But exactly when can the successor activity start after the predecessor activity has already been started?

Well, both the predecessor and the successor have a start and a finish, and there are at maximum four possible combinations between the start and finish points of the predecessor and the successor activities. Accordingly, there are four kinds of dependencies, also called precedence relationships or logical relationships, listed here:

• Finish to start - The initiation of the successor activity depends upon the completion of the predecessor activity i.e., the successor activity cannot be started until the predecessor activity has already been completed.

• Finish to finish - The completion of the successor activity depends upon the completion of the predecessor activity i.e., the successor activity cannot be completed until the predecessor activity has already been completed.

• Start to start - The initiation of the successor activity depends upon the initiation of the predecessor activity i.e., the successor activity cannot be initiated until the predecessor activity has already been initiated.

• Start to finish - The completion of the successor activity depends upon the initiation of the predecessor activity i.e., the successor activity cannot be completed until the predecessor activity has already been initiated.

These types of dependencies describe the logical relationships between activities.

Dependencies can be grouped into three categories:

• Mandatory dependencies - These are the dependencies inherent to the schedule activities. For example, a software program must be developed before it can be tested. Mandatory dependencies are also referred to as hard logic.

• Discretionary dependencies - These are the dependencies at the discretion of the project team. For example, the development for two parts of the system can happen in parallel and then integrated at a later point in time. It is not mandatory for the second module to wait until module one is over. Some of the guidelines for establishing discretionary dependencies can come from the knowledge of best practices within the given application area and from the previous experience of performing a similar project. Discretionary dependencies are also referred to as soft logic, preferential logic, or preferred logic.

• External dependencies - An external dependency involves a relationship between a project activity and a non-project activity i.e., an activity outside the project. For example, lets say your application is migrating to a newer version of application server and it is supposed to be delivered & set up next week. You cant practically deploy and test your application until the server is delivered and set up. This is an example of an external dependency.

The dependency between two schedule activities is an example of the logical relationships defined earlier in this chapter. Logical relationships can be displayed in schematic diagrams, called project schedule network diagrams, or just network diagrams. A common method to develop network diagrams is called the precedence diagramming method (PDM).

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