Other than by including each header individually there is no way to include all headers. However, there is no practical reason to include all headers; it would increase compile times for no good reason. Only include those headers that you actually need, and only in the specific source files that require them. Remember also that headers often depend upon other headers, so there's no reason to include those that are already included.
C++ is not platform-dependent. All you require is a compiler that supports the platform. Platform-specific compilers will generally include platform-specific headers and libraries.
stddef.h and vadefs.h are two of the many "primitive" headers which are often required in the majority of your programs, but there are many other more specialised headers, such as iostream, which will include these anyway, so you generally won't need to explicitly include them.
.h for headers, .cpp or .cc for sources
Not sure what you mean by "new" headers. You probably mean the C++ standard library headers, however these headers have been in existence since before 1998 when the language first became standardised. Prior to that, C++ used the C standard library headers, all of which have a .h extension. The C++ standard library headers have no file extension.
The Standard Library includes the Standard Template Library (STL). Therefore no, there are no STL headers that are not part of the Standard Library.
The C++ standard does not impose any extension rules on source code files. Conventionally, all C++ headers use a .h extension while all C++ source files use a .cpp extension, however you are free to choose your own extensions as you see fit. Some programmers prefer .hpp for C++ headers in order to differentiate them from C headers, however there's no requirement to do so unless you are specifically differentiating C-style headers from C++ headers. Similarly with .c and .cpp extensions with respect to C-style code and C++ code. In the main it's best to stick with the well-established conventions.
You use the <iostream> header when you wish to make use of the standard input/output streams, which primarily includes std::cin, std:cout and std::cerr, amongst other standard IO stream facilities. Note that C++ standard library headers do NOT have file extensions. That is, there is no <iostream.h> header in the C++ standard library. The only headers that do have extensions are those specifically provided by the C standard library. However, you must NOT include these headers in your own code as they will pollute the global namespace. If you require these headers, use the corresponding C++ header instead. For example, if you require <math.h>, include <cmath>. The C++ headers will import all the names from corresponding C header and place them in the C++ standard namespace.
We only include the headers we actually use. It would be impractical to include every single header in every single program.
#include <libraryname>
None. PS: The most common headers files are probably: stdio.h stdlib.h string.h
Scanf is part of the C standard library. Although the C++ standard library includes 18 headers from the ISO C90 standard, their usage in C++ is deprecated. However, to answer the question, there is no equivalent to scanf in JavaScript.
#include "what-its-name-is.h"