Just provide adequate feed, shelter and room to move around is sufficient. Access to clean water and mineral is also important.
A heavily pregnant cow, or a long-bred cow. Or, a cow that is expecting soon.
A pregnant cow who gives birth is a mother.
No, the cow will not go into estrus after she becomes pregnant.
Talk to your cow. If she is pregnant your character will mention how see and her baby is doing. If your character does not mention a baby then your cow is not pregnant.
Bred cow.
human sperm cannot get a cow pregnant. The only species humans can get pregnant with their sperm is another human.
An open or barren cow.
No.
No.
A springer or springing cow.
A bred cow or a pregnant cow, or, in the dairy industry, just a cow. In sale barns, if she has a calf at side, she is also referred to as a 3-in-1 or a three-fer or suckling bred cow. If she's lactating, like in a beef or dairy herd, then she's called a nursing bred cow, lactating bred cow or bred lactating/milking dairy cow. If she's not nursing or lactating, she's called a dry bred cow non-lactating pregnant cow if you really want to get technical. In the dairy industry, a lactating heifer that has already had her first calf is referred to as a first-calf heifer; once she has a second calf she is generally referred to as a cow. In the beef industry, a heifer that is pregnant with her first calf is called a bred heifer.
Only if the cow that they're mounting is in heat.