Press your inventory button and you see 4 squares next to your character. That's how you craft things.
There are many tutorials on Youtube.
you can't
Play it in survival mode or creative mode. Don't press the multiplayer mode.
While in survival mode type /playermode 1"yourname" to turn creative mode on and just grab the item from the creative inventory, click on the chest icon in the lower right corner and place it in your inventory. Then type in the code 0 instead of 1 to return to survival mode and you will still have it.
To fly in survival mode you need to craft the eye of ender
Yes.
Every major update to Minecraft the id's on some items change. Go to the the MinecraftWiKi and they will have the updated list. Or you can change your mode from survival to creative mode and just use the item you want.
There is nothing obligatory about minecraft; there is nothing you should get.
Yes.
NOPE
#$# $#$ #$# # = Gunpowder $ = Sand
yes, just how you would in survival. Additionally you can just spawn them in.