Because they come from the Judah´s Tribe and later they keep the writen Law.
They recognize it as a symbol of Christianity, but it has no meaning in Judaism.
Christianity, Judaism and Islam
They all recognize a greater power than mankind.
Judaism does not recognize or encourage missionaries for the purpose of proselytizing.
Yes, the State of Israel recognises both Conservative and Reform converts to Judaism for immigration purposes.
Orthodox Judaism doesn't recognize women rabbis, but the other branches do, and they're respected.
Both believe in Heaven and HellBoth believe their religion is the only truthBoth recognize Jesus (though in very different ways)Judaism has none of these beliefs.
The prophets (Zechariah ch. 14) state that the entire world will come to recognize the One God.
Abrahamic religions include Judaism, Christianity, Islam and the Baha'i faith. Christianity recognize Judaism but not Islam. Islam recognizes Judaism, Christianity but not Baha'i faith. And finally Baha'i faith recognizes Judaism, Christianity and Islam all together. And obviously he did not start anything. He simply preached the word of God, i.e. the holy revelations.
This question is too vague for a complete answer. Acknowledging that, I'll say that Judaism is the first known religion to recognize that there is but one true living God.
Humanistic Judaism is new as an organized group (it began in 1963), and while other non-orthodox sects refrain from officially condemning it, they generally do not see it as a religious denomination, but more of a social denomination. Due to the high rate of intermarriage, and the lax rules for conversion (in some cases non-existent), most individual Jews of other sects do not recognize humanistic Judaism as valid. Some Jewish sociologists believe that in a few generations, the members of humanistic Judaism won't even identify themselves with mainstrain Judaism.
Most Jews do, yes. The majority of branches of Judaism accept gay people and recognize same-sex-marriage, including:ReformReconstructionistRenewalLiberalProgressiveHumanisticConservativeTraditional ReformSome Masorti congregations (not all)In fact, the only branch of Judaism that says being gay is sinful is the Orthodox branch, and even then, most Orthodox Jews believe that violating the Sabbath is a worse sin.