All binaries are launched by simply typing the name of the application.
C isn't a program, or something you install; it is a programming language for writing software. Linux and most of the programs that run on it were written in C, and a C compiler and libraries are supplied with most systems, or are readily available.
You could, if you had conio.h in linux, but you don't have, that's why.
It depends on the editor.
Linux Wine is an open source software program. The Linux Wine software program allows Linux users to run Windows programs on their own devices such as computers.
Yes, OpenOffice.org can run on Linux and some like Ubuntu include this office program.
http://www.apache-asp.org/
Yes, if the program is open source.
You don't run macOS applications on Linux unless there's a Linux port. As far as Windows goes, there is Wine. Do note that it's not an emulator and it won't run perfectly with everything.
Most screensavers on Linux are modules run by Xscreensaver: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XScreenSaver I don't know exactly how to convert a program to a module, check the Xscreensaver documentation.
Download the VLC for Linux and then you have to run the setup to install the program.
No. Windows and Linux have different APIs and ABIs for programs to access. You cannot run Linux binaries on Windows, and you can only run Windows binaries on Linux if you have Wine installed.
This question cannot be answered without seeing the source program.