using pointers, example:
void Swapd (double *d1, double *d2)
{
. double tmp= *d1;
. *d1= *d2;
. *d2= *tmp;
}
You can swap two variables, by storing one of them temporarily in a third variable, like this: temp = a; a = b; b = temp; Inside a function, this won't work, because the function parameters are COPIES of the original variables, not the variables themselves. Any change won't affect the original variables. If you work with OBJECTS, and swap the CONTENTS of the objects (not the object pointers), it can work, though.
To swap two variables without using a third variable, use exclusive or manipulation... a ^= b; b ^= a; a ^= b;
a += b; b -= a; a -= b;
Use list assignment i.e. for two variables $a, $b: ($a,$b) = ($b,$a)
swap (int *a, int *b) { *a ^= *b; *b ^= *a; *a ^= *b; }
a=a^b; b=a^b; a=a^b;
To swap two variables using a third variable in a flowchart, start with the initial values of the two variables, say A and B. Use a third variable, C, to temporarily hold the value of A (C = A). Next, assign the value of B to A (A = B), and finally, assign the value of C back to B (B = C). This sequence effectively swaps the values of A and B.
we compute it by using their differences
In the scipy.optimize minimize function, you can use multiple variables by defining a function that takes these variables as input. For example, if you have a function myfunc(x, y) that depends on two variables x and y, you can pass this function to minimize along with initial guesses for x and y to find the minimum of the function.
The only way to swap two values using call by value semantics is to pass pointer variables by value. A pointer is a variable that stores an address. Passing a pointer by value copies the address, the value of the pointer, not the pointer itself. By passing the addresses of the two values to be swapped, you are effectively passing those values by reference. Both C and C++ use pass by value semantics by default, however C++ also has a reference data type to support native pass by reference semantics. By contrast, Java uses pass by reference semantics by default. In C, to swap two variables using pass by value: void swap (int* p, int* q) { int t = *p; *p = *q; *q = t; } In C++, to swap two variables using pass by reference: void swap (int& p, int& q) { std::swap (p, q); } Note that C++ is more efficient because std::swap uses move semantics; there is no temporary variable required to move variables. With copy semantics, a temporary is required. However, with primitive data types, there is a way to swap values without using a temporary, using a chain of exclusive-or assignments: void swap (int* p, int* q) { *p^=*q^=*p^=*q; }
You cannot swap two numbers using call by value, because the called function does not have access to the original copy of the numbers.Swap with call by reference... This routine uses exclusive or swap without temporary variable.void swap (int *a, int *b) {*a ^= *b;*b ^= *a;*a ^= *b;return;}
The using of term 'call-by-reference' implies function-call, so please rethink your question...