How do you think the substitution influences the demand curve for indoor grill products?

How do governments get the money for the goods and services that they provide?

If you Google Video search for "Federal Reserve" you will find that in 1913 the central bank of the USA is privately owned and answers to no one except themselves. Through the years the US Federal debt has grown by the increase in the money supply. The Fed deliberately causes the business economic cycles of up turns and down turns in the economy that result in up and down stock markets, and up and down cycles in the employment rate. The US Federal debt is many trillion of dollars. The interest on that debt is about 1 trillion per year. The amount of individual Federal Income Tax paid is about equal to 1 trillion dollars. So all individual Federal Income Tax just pays the interest per year on the debt, leaving the balance owed at 500 trillion. However, to pay for all government operations, more money is borrowed from the Fed, adding it to the 500 trillion balance owed, and thereby increasing the yearly interest owed per year. The Fed creates money out of nothing. The Fed lends the check book money to the US government who pays the Fed immediately with an IOU of a US Treasury Note. On top of the US T-Bill, interest is owing on this "borrowed" money. If the Fed wants to create an economic boom, they increase the money supply, increase available credit, they buy more US T-Bills putting even more US dollars into circulation, and they lower interest rates. In these conditions there is plenty of money to hire employees, invest in R & D, everyone is well paid, and the stock market climbs, real estate prices rise, and inflation starts to happen, etc. If the Fed wants to create an economic bust / depression, they decrease the money supply, decrease available credit, call in loans, they sell US T-Bills to remove as many US dollars from circulation as possible even from foreign US T-Bill holders, and they increase interest rates. In these conditions business working capital evaporates, the stock market collapses, budgets are slashed, employees are laid off, everyone hunkers down and buys only essential goods and services, business commerce goes way down and more people are laid off, there is downward pressure on prices and deflation starts to happen. Due to the fractional reserve banking system, the effects of the Fed policy are multiplied by the factor of the allowed ratio--possibly 1 to 10. The budget for the US military coincidentally usually matches the Federal income tax on corporations. There is virtually no available tax money left over to buy any new roads, health care, new schools, text books, personal computers for the schools, or maintenance on any of these things, so more new money must all be borrowed at interest from the Fed, a privately owned banking system owned by a few of the big New York City banks and a couple of privately owned European banks. The key shareholders of these banks call the shots of what policies happen, so no one from the US government can order the Fed to do anything that it does not want to do. What do they do with these hundreds of billions or even trillions of dollars flowing into them on a yearly basis? They exert political power to enact laws, start wars, fund CIA, NSA covert operations to destabilize poor countries so that those poor countries borrow money and also become indebted to the bankers, they buy all the influential news papers, TV stations, radio stations so that they can affect public opinions by covering the news in a slanted or deceptive way, they create false flag terrorist attacks against their own people to blame on already terrible foreign terrorists living in the Middle East, pay for US Federal / Presidential election and vote fraud to be carried out, and numerous other things. Both Democrats and Republican parties have been controlled by this group of elite wealthy people upon threat of economic collapse and marshal law--ID check points, monitoring of everyone, indebted servitude. Honest politicians do not get money, nor do they get favorable news coverage, and often have dirty tricks played on them in the polling reports presented during news reports. They warp the gathering and reporting of exit poll results--miraculously accurately predicting election results based on one polling count return per region. Search >invisible ballots< Trading partners with the USA must exchange their currencies with those of the US dollar. Any negative economic impact that the US system has immediately affects on these trading partner neighbors. The trillion dollars flowing into the private US Fed are likely to also enslave the others too. For example, this is how the economic collapse of 2008 spread to countries like Canada whose banking regulations never exposed it to ruin, but never the less the credit crunch spread exactly as though Canada had done so. This was because Canada's domestic banks carried out policies of credit tightening identical to the USA, thereby causing its stock markets and underlying economy to contract similarly to that of the USA. Canadian businesses were denied working capital so the underlying economy was choked by actions taken by the Canadian banks. Many manufacturing plants in Canada have been relocated off-shore in low wage nations. The value of the Canadian dollar is largely based upon its oil exports so that the Canadian dollar fluctuates in step with the price of oil. Like the USA, Canada suffers from budgetary shortfalls for school budgets, roads, development of new electric power generation plants, health care waiting times, bed closures, and other problems similar to USA. TV stations are finding it difficult to get ad revenues and so are considering cancellation of any local TV show productions due to the poor economy for businesses. Each level of government has its own areas of responsibilities. Budgets for the ongoing operations of those areas are estimated and the tax rate is set per household. Some refer to this as the Mil Rate for property tax. Two or three tax bills are issued during the first half of the year, and if any shortfall materializes, tax adjustment bills are sent out to be paid by the property owners. Sometimes budgeted tax monies are siphoned off by higher levels of government in an effort to buy votes in a different jurisdiction. The shortfall must be made up by cuts to services, materials, and staff. Another method is the pay per service method of tax collection. If more services are consumed by a given tax payer, then that tax payer will pay for each service that they consume. For example, whereas a number of Toronto, Ontario, Canada area schools had indoor swimming pools, and indoor skating rinks, almost all other Ontario cities' and towns' schools did not. So Toronto had a surplus of funds to spend on extras like school indoor swimming pools and indoor ice skating rinks, other cities had to cut back vital staff, goods, and services to make up the imposed shortfall. For example, a US town was provided $2 Million to extend the runway of the town's airport so that an executive's Lear Jet could land and take off so that the executive did not have to drive into town and stay at a local hotel while visiting the plant operated by his company. For example, the highway to the Florida keys cost a considerable amount of money to build out to only a few houses owned by wealthy and powerful families. Who are these families? Why would they deserve this special treatment? The budgets that are set at each level of responsibility attempt to account for the monies to be spent in the upcoming year. With less tax money going towards goods and services, the personnel dealing with this shortfall must do more with less money until they too are laid off work. Budgeting often requires many revisions and drafts and require debate by the politicians at that level of responsibility. The folly of unnecessary line items in the budget can hurt required items, causing unnecessary cuts in spending that results in poorer service to the constituents. One year a mayor wanted to buy a yacht as a museum of a family who had done a cruise with it and reported back to the local newspaper about the adventure. Later after the cruise, the wife in that family died of cancer. This museum scheme was completely without merit, yet probably much money was spent in pursuit of this matter. Prior years' budgets / computer models can be used to estimate the new budget. Some levels of government use financial transaction databases to track expenditures and keep their budgets. A hierarchy of financial coding blocks of numbers would identify the responsibility center that was allocating what amount of funds to do what project or purchase. One way to make money is for the police force to write lots of traffic and parking tickets. However, the police force then is not dedicated to fighting crime and adopts poor training and skills towards any investigation and deductive reasoning that are required for more sophisticated criminal behavior. The police may themselves become corrupted committing as much serious crime as anyone else.

What routes of globalization has the Mayor group chosen to go global?

This is one game that India has permanently lost to its arch-rival Pakistan-manufacturing and exporting sports goods. Historically, when India and Pakistan were one before 1947, Sialkot, now in Pakistan, used to be the world's largest production centre for badminton, hockey, football, volleyball, basketball, and cricket equipment. After the creation of Pakistan, Jalandhar became the second centre after Hindus in the trade migrated to India. Soon Jalandhar overtook Sialkot and till the early 1980s it remained so. However, when the face of the began to change in the 1980s and import of quality leather and manufacturing equipment became a necessity for quality production, Pakistan wrested the initiative as India clung to its policies of discouraging imports through high duties and restrictions. As it was, the availability of labour and skills was a common factor in both Sialkot and Jalandhar, but with Sialkot having the advantage of easier entry, most of the world's top sports manufacturers and procurers developed an association with local industry in Sialkot that continues even today. Ten years later, in the early 1990s, when Manmohan Singh liberalised the norms for importing equipment and raw material required for producing sports goods, it was too late as majority of the global majors had already shifted base to Sialkot. In 1961 the late Narinder Mayor started the first large-scale sports goods manufacturing unit, Mayor & Company, thereby laying the foundation of an organised industry. Even today, more than 70 percent of the industry functions in an unorganized manner. Starting with soccer balls, Mayor expanded to produce inflatable balls like volleyballs, basketballs, and rugby balls. Today his two sons Rajan and Rajesh have built up into five companies engaged in a wide array of businesses, though sports goods remain the group's core business. While the parent trading company, Mayor & Company, remains the leading revenue-earner to the tune of Rs 55 crore annually out of a total group turnover of Rs 85 crore-plus, Mayor's second venture, the Indo-Australian Mayor International Limited, is spinning another Rs 15 crore. Mayor international is a 100 percent export-oriented unit (EOU) exclusively manufacturing and exporting golf and tennis balls. The product portfolio of the company comprises the following: Inflatable balls • Soccer balls and footballs (Professional, Indoor, Match and Training, leisure toy) • Volley balls, rugby balls (Volley balls and Beach Volley balls) • Australian rugby, hand balls (English League, Union and touch) (Australian rules, Australian Rugby League balls and laces) Boxing Equipment • Boxing and punching balls (Boxing and Punching Balls, Head Gear, Gloves, Punching Mitts and Kits Punching Bags & Bags Sets) • Gloves • Goal keeper's gloves (Football / Soccer) • Boxing gloves 2 Cricket Equipment • Worldwide distributor for Spading Cricket Bats, Balls and Protective equipment. Hockey Equipment • Worldwide distributor for Spading Hockey Sticks, Balls and Protective equipment. Based in Delhi, Rajan Mayor, 41 is the CMD of the group, which also comprises an IT division working on B2B and B2C solutions; Voyageur World Travels in the tourism sector; a houseware exports division specializing in stainless steel kitchenware, ceramics, and textiles; and a high school. Younger brother Rajesh, 34, is the executive director and looks after all the divisions operating in Jalandhar. Technical director Katz Nowaskowski divides his time equally between India and Australia, where he looks after the group's interests. "While inflatable balls are our prime competence in our core business, we are presently focusing on golf balls, for which we are the sole producers in South Asia. Out of a total Rs 300 crore of sports goods business generated in domestic marker, most of which is supplied by the unorganized players, golf balls constitute a miniscule amount and therefore we came up with a 100 percent EOU for producing golf balls. Later the same facility was utilized with little moderation for tennis balls too," says Nowaskowaski. Clarifying that the sports good industry in India only includes playing equipment and not apparels or shoes, D K Mittal, chairman of the Sports Goods Export Promotion Council and joint secretary in the Ministry of Commerce, has certified Mayor group as the number one exporter since 1993 till date, barring 1996. However, SGEPC secretary Tarun Dewan points out that being the number one exporter does not mean that Mayor is the number one brand being exported. "Actually we have tieups with Dunlop, Arnold Palmer, and Fila for manufacturing golf balls. For footballs and volleyballs we have associations with Adidas, Mitre, Puma, Umbro, and Dunlop. We manufacture soccer World Cup and European Cup replicas for Adidas, which is a huge market. Only 400 balls used for actual play in the World Cup are manufactured in Europe and that too only for sentimental reasons, otherwise we are capable of delivering products of the same, if not better quality. Now since we manufacture balls for them, we cannot antagonise them by producing balls of similar quality with our own brand name. Secondly, I agree that competing with such big giants in the world market in terms of branding is a task that is well beyond our reach at the moment. However, we are trying to brand ourselves in the domestic market and that is one of the prime focus areas in the coming year," says Rajan. Coca-Cola, Unilever, McDonald's, American Airlines, Disney Club, and other such big brands come up with huge orders at times for golf balls with their logos for promotional schemes. However, there is no mention of the producing country since these companies do not want to show that balls they deliver in the US are being produced in Asia, "Not only is our quality good enough; labour in India is cheap enough to churn out a much less expensive product in the end. Yet, the main threat to our industry comes from countries like Taiwan and China, who have already cornered a chunk of world markets in tennis, badminton, and squash rackets. This is primarily because of two reasons-slow response to our needs in tune with the market requirements from the government and lack of infrastructure. And most importantly, tags 'Made in China' or 'Made in Taiwan' are more acceptable in the West than 'Made in India' or 'Made in Pakistan'. One of the mottos of the Mayor group has been to make 'Made in India' an acceptable label in the West. For that we stress quality, timely delivery, and competent rates. Yet, a lot depends on perception value, which in our case is sadly on the negative side, much owing to our government's stance over the years. Things might be improving, but the pace is very slow and as our economy drifts towards a free market scenario supinely, it might just prove to be too little too late in the end," says Rajesh. Today, Mayor group is sitting pretty as its competitors, Soccer International Sakay Trades, Savi, Wasan, Cosco, Nivia, and Spartan are only trying to catch up in the inflatables category. With 1.2 million dozen golf balls, Mayor is way ahead of its competitors. The company is planning to enhance its manufacturing capacity to 1.5 million dozen golf balls next fiscal. With approval from the worlds top two golf associations-the US PGA and RNA of Scotland, demand for its product is not a problem, the company's senior marketing officials point out. With the markets in Mayor's current export destinations-Europe, North America, Australia, and New Zealand-all set to expand in the coming years after the present slump, Mayor want expand its sports goods business that caters to 60 percent of its 3 overall exports. Though 40 per cent of exports come from houseware manufacture in Delhi and Mumbai, with export centers in the same countries for its sports goods, just about mainting this business at its present state, and concentrating entirely on sports goods is what the Mayors are intent on.24 With nearly 2000 skilled workforce; quality certification from ISO 9001:2000 and ISO 14001:2004; and having spread to more than 40 countries, Mayor and Company is obviously sitting pretty.

How do you think the substitution influences the demand curve for indoor grill products?

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