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The standard version of Linux Mint is an Ubuntu derivative. It uses Ubuntu's stable repositories along with its own, which means normal Mint users will likely have access to the same assortment of packages as Ubuntu users through the package repositories.

Ubuntu uses the Unity desktop GUI by default, a more tablet-oriented (touch interface) that as of now doesn't have a lot of fans.

Linux Mint has two standard desktop GUI available: There's MATE (Which is a fork of GNOME 2.x) and Cinnamon (Which is a desktop built around GNOME Shell (GNOME 3) that doesn't stray too far from a GNOME 2.x design.

There is also Linux Mint Debian Edition. (Like with the standard version, LMDE primarily comes in MATE or Cinnamon flavors.) Instead of deriving its packages from Ubuntu, as standard Linux Mint does, this version of Mint is derived from Debian Testing/Unstable, and is a semi-rolling release distribution. Instead of discrete versions, it has big update packages you install instead.

Ubuntu also derives from Debian Testing/Unstable. In essence, every Ubuntu release is really a stabilized snapshot of Debian's development branches mixed in with their own distribution-specific software. This is meant to be stable, production-ready software, whereas LMDE will favor a more "intermediate users" approach and won't always guarantee the stability or quality of its packages.

LMDE does not directly use Debian (nor Ubuntu's) repositories, though it can easily be configured to use Debian Testing's repositories, and can even be fully converted all the way into a Debian Testing installation.

Ubuntu doesn't really have a "power" flavor. There used to be Gobuntu, but its aim was less "advanced users go here" and more the same goal as gNewSense: A system designed to show what does and does not get delivered in a 100% Free Software Foundation -compliant Linux distribution. FSF compliance is another rant altogether, however. Gobuntu itself is not an active distribution anymore, due to lack of interest.

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