Drives are named by their type and boot order. Floppy drives are named /dev/fd0 (what you would call A: in DOS/Windows), /dev/fd1 (B:), and so on.
Hard drives can follow the convention /dev/hd
CD-ROM drives are usually named /dev/cdrom0, /dev/cdrom1, and so on. If the drive is also capable of playing DVDs, a separate character device, /dev/dvd#, can also be created to point to the same device.
How many can you put in your computer? Linux can support massive servers with hundreds of hard drives. I believe the mainline kernel supports up to 702 hard drives, although patches are available for up to 3904 disks. You're far more likely to run into hardware limitations than you will with how Linux handles hard drives.
LVM is a logical volume manager for the Linux kernel; it manages disk drives and similar mass-storage devices.
Almost all USB Flash drives conform to the USB Mass Storage specification, which is has been supported in the Linux kernel since the 2.4 series. You would really have to go out of your way to find one that doesn't work in Linux. Any drive from Sandisk, Kingston, Lexar, or Samsung, as well as most el cheapo drives you can buy on eBay will work.
Linux is the kernel.
You may be thinking about ddrescue which is a Linux CLI tool for recovering damaged files and drives.
Historically, hda was used for IDE drives and SDA was used for SCSI drives. Today, regardless of physical interface, all drives are treated as SCSI devices.
I suggest installing Windows, and then Linux (preferably on different physical hard drives). When Windows is installed it tends to overwrite the boot partition, making it difficult to boot linux afterwards.
The kernel.
There are no "joined" Linux and Windows operating systems, so there is no name for them.
No. Red Hat Enterprise Linux is simply a commercial Linux distribution primarily used for servers. It was never a nickname for Linux itself.
There is no the text editor in Linux. There are dozens of possible text editors available for Linux, such as:edviVimEmacsJOENanoJEDKateGeditMousepadLeafpadjEditXeditGeanyNEditJuffEdJOVE
A person can find reviews on SCSI hard drives from several different places. Some of these places include CNET Reviews, Linux Lookup, and The Tech Report.