It is actually the other way around. A virus destroys a host cell after it has make the replicants of the virus. The cell will split open (lyse) when full of new virions which then get released to infect other cells.
Our immune systems can "destroy" a virus in a cell, but the cell itself does not do that. The immune system makes antibodies that fit the virus perfectly to block the way it would have attached to the cell to infect it. The antibody attaches to the virus to prevent its ability to attach to a cell.
See the related question below about the lytic cycle for more details about virus "reproduction".
A lytic virus will destroy its' host cell at the end of the lytic cycle.
the host cell cycle
A lytic virus will destroy its' host cell at the end of the lytic cycle.
lytic
when a virus enters a cell and is active, it cause the host cell to make new viruses, which destroy the host cell.
A virus attaches to a host cell by recognizing specific receptors on the cell surface. It then injects its genetic material, either DNA or RNA, into the cell. Once inside, the virus hijacks the cell's machinery to replicate its genetic material and produce more virus particles.
A virus needs a host cell to survive and replicate. Once inside a host cell, the virus can hijack the cell's machinery to make copies of itself. Without a host cell, viruses cannot survive for long periods outside of a living organism.
The lysogenic cycle, also known as the temperate cycle, does not destroy the host cell. In this cycle, the viral DNA inserts into the host cell's genome and replicates along with the host cell. The viral DNA can remain dormant for some time before entering the lytic cycle and producing new viral particles.
The cell infected by a virus is referred to as the host cell. The virus hijacks the host cell's machinery to replicate and produce more virus particles.
Active viruses can destroy host cells by hijacking the cell's machinery to replicate themselves, causing the cell to burst open and release new viruses. The cell damage can lead to inflammation, tissue damage, and other complications.
During the cycle of viral shedding, the virus has made copies of itself and the host cell is no longer useful. The host cell then dies, and the new virus cells then must find a new host.
Host Cell