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Sound, which is actually waves of varying pressure in the air, is converted into electrical energy by a microphone, which is often a coil of wire suspended in a magnetic field. The waves of air pressure at the microphone cause the coil to move, which generates an electrical waveform that is, as much as possible, similar to the waves of air pressure at the microphone. The electrical waveform is amplified by several stages of active electronic devices--either vacuum tubes or transistors--until it has enough power to drive an electrodynamic loudspeaker. The speaker is another coil of wire suspended in a magnetic field--just like the microphone, but operated in reverse. The varying electrical current in the coil causes the coil to move within the magnetic field. The coil is attached to a plastic or fiber cone; when it moves, it can displace enough air to create large waves of air pressure. In this way, the speaker can produce pressure waves in the air that are much larger than the ones that originally reached the microphone.

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