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Mostly by not letting the environment change the temperature inside quickly. The cooler isolates a small volume from the environment, and maintains that volume at a constant temperature for a while. If you put ice (or frozen ice packs in plastic or metal containers, if you don't want your food wet) in a cooler and close the lid, the ice cools the inside and keeps it that way until the energy "leaks in" from the warmer environment of the air and sun. How good the cooler is (its thermal rating) determines how long the ice (and food) stays cold. If you get the expensive kind with a battery operated refrigerator built in, the refrigeration unit does the cooling (until the battery runs out, or the refrigerant gas leaks out, or the cooler gets a hole broken in it).

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