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The upper layers of the earth are known as the lithosphere and the mantle. The lithosophere is the upper most layer is solid. The mantle is below the lithosphere and is liquid-like (think of treacle).

The liquid-like layer is heated and as such contains convection currents. these currents make the layer flow in a circurlar motion - when the liquid is hot it flows upwards towards the top and as it cools due to lower pressures, back down towards the bottom.

A similar convection current can be seen when boiling a pan of water. The water will roll up the sides of the pan along the surface towards the centre and back downwards.

The lithosphere sits on the top of the mantle and rides the current which contributes to plate tectonics.

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