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Light stays inside an optical fibre due to the differing density of the glass and the air. The light enters the fibre at a reasonably shallow angle and all the light is bent back within the fibre when it hits the side. This is called "Total internal reflection". The amount the light is bent is greater than the angle that it hits the edge. This describes multi mode fibre better than single mode fibre. Single mode fibre has a variable density of glass causing this total internal reflection to ocor deep within the fibre in the centre, greatly narrowing the light paths diameter this in turn reduces the total number of light propagation paths available. the end result is the pulses of light ar distorted less allowing for more pulses in less time and therefore more bandwidth. 10Gbit/s is now commonplace in a single fibre over 10s or even hundreds of kilometres. And finally if you bend the fibre the light leaks out. engineers do this to see a red flashing light they shine down the fibre.

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Q: How does light travel through the optic fiber without escaping when it is bent?
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