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When light strikes a photovoltaic cell, a portion of it is absorbed within the semiconductor material, which transfers the energy of the absorbed light to the semiconductor. The energy knocks electrons loose, allowing them to flow freely, and PV cells have one or more electric field that acts to force those freed electrons to flow in a certain direction, a current. By placing metal contacts on the top and bottom of the PV cell, the current can be drawn off for external use.

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