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The wall of the aorta is highly elastic and so distends when the left ventricle contracts pumping blood into it. As the walls close back in they push the blood along in a more smooth fashion. This stops sudden pressure increases from bursting all the vessels.

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Q: How does the wall of the aorta help to smooth out blood pressure in the aorta?
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What is the significance of the difference in thickness between the aorta and the pulmonary trunk?

To put it simply: The blood in the aorta has to go all around the body. Blood in the pulmonary trunk has to go all around the lungs. The body is, obviously, larger than the lungs. This means blood going around the body needs to be "pushed" more. This is because there is more resistance. For example, it's harder to push a car for 1 mile, then it is to push it 1 metre. Because the blood has to be pushed more, the heart (left ventricle) pumps it out at a higher pressure. Similarly, because the blood going around the lungs doesn't need to go so far, the heart (right ventricle) pumps it out at a lower pressure. Because the blood in the aorta is at higher pressure than the pulmonary trunk, it needs to have thicker walls. For example a fire hose is thicker than a garden hose because it needs to transport water at a higher pressure. The aorta contains large amount of smooth muscle and elastic tissue to help it cope with the high blood pressure.


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