The emission spectrum of each element has characteristic lines for each element. Analyzing the spectrum of a star, you can figure out what elements are present, and also get an estimate on how much there is of each element. For more information, check the Wikipedia article on "emission spectrum".
By changes in the stars' brightness, and slight variations in their predicted location.
If the question is where are elements made, the answer is in stars.
helium and hydrogen
These elements are found in are very important in each of the five stars. all five stars because the elements
Hundreds of extra-Solar planets have been detected already.
Dark matter can be detected by its gravitational effect on nearby stars, causing them to very slightly alter their relative motions.
Yes. We have detected gas giants orbiting very close to their stars.
It is in the stars that the heavier elements (basically, anything after element #2, helium) are made.It is in the stars that the heavier elements (basically, anything after element #2, helium) are made.It is in the stars that the heavier elements (basically, anything after element #2, helium) are made.It is in the stars that the heavier elements (basically, anything after element #2, helium) are made.
First stars made the smallest elements, from hydrogen up and progressively larger stars made progressively larger elements
The two most common elements in the Universe, and in most stars are - in that order - hydrogen and helium (elements #1 and #2).
Elements that are formed in cool stars are heavy but not heavier than iron. (Elements that are heavier than iron are formed in a supernova.)
Yes - in fact, most of the elements ONLY exist because they were formed in stars.