Can't be answered without knowing the projectile weight and muzzle velocity
A 22 caliber bullet is 22/100 inches in diameter. A 7.62 mm bullet is 30 caliber or 30/100 inches in diameter there is no such thing as a 7.62 caliber bullet
If the rifle is sighted in at 100 yards, at 300 yds the bullet will drop 24-25 inches below the aiming point.
Depends on the Caliber and grain of bullet. You can shoot a .22 m4 accurately probably 100-150 yards. Then with the 5.56/.223 round can be shot 600-659 yards accurately.
Caliber is a term used to describe the diameter of a bullet in SAE units. 100 Caliber = 1 inch a 45 caliber bullet has a diameter of .45 inches.
1.5 inches
Accurately? About 100-150 yards. How far can the bullet travel? Fired at a 34 degree angle, about a mile and a half. No accuracy, just total possible travel.
There is no one single best caliber, but to get an answer, you need to be a little more specific. Rifle or handgun? Define long distance. 50 yards? 100 yards? 1000 yards?
Depends on the rifle. A .22 is accurate to about 100 yards, can fire a bullet about 1.5 miles. A .338 Lapua is accurate to about 1500 yards, and can fire a bullet ABOUT 5 miles.
Depends on the loading, and the zeroed range. An 80 grain bullet zeroed at 100 yards will be about 10.2 inches below the line of sight at 300.
30 caliber refers to any cartridge loaded with a bullet approximately 30/100 inch in diameter. 30-06 is just one of about 100 different 30 caliber cartridges.
effective range is the distance where a skilled shooter can reliably hit a target. For 22 LR, that is about 135-150 yards. The distance at which it will no longer penetrate a skull has too many variables to give a simple answer. The bullet usually drops to below speed of sound by 100 yards, and is dropping velocity quickly after that. By 400 yards it would be unlikely to cause a serious wound.
The velocity for a 140 grain bullet is 3100 fps.at the muzzle,2996 at 50 yards,2894 at 100 yards,at 500 yards it's 2156.The foot pounds are 2988 ft/lbs. at the muzzle,2605 ft/lbs at 50 yards,2410 ft/lbs. at 100 yards and at 500 yards it's 1445 ft/lbs.