To some extent, this will depend on the weapon that fires the cartridge.
Assuming that your question relates to the .38 Special cartridge, when fired from a 4 inch barreled revolver, the bullet would have a maximum range of about 1800 meters. This would be when the barrel was elevated at about a 45 degree angle.
The effective range (usable) would be less than 100 meters.
If fired from a rifle (yes, there are rifles that will fire a .38 Special) the range would be greater than if fired from a revolver. If fired from a 2 inch barreled (snub nosed) revolver, the max range would be less.
It depends on several factors, but a good rule of thumb is "about a mile."
caliber 38 is a caliber 38. bullet dia. is .357 caliber deals with the dia. or measurement around the bullet head, not the bullet case.
Close. a .38 caliber is usually closer to .357 caliber.
No. The bullet is too big. A 30-30 is a .30 caliber bullet. a .38 bullet is .357 caliber
.38 Special, yes. Other .38 cartridges (such as the .38 Long Colt or .38 Super), no.
Depending on what it is chamberd for, yes.
38 is the size. This answer is actually correct, but more specifically, .38 special (and many of the other .38 caliber cartridges) are actually .357. The caliber ".38" was chosen to distinguish between .357 magnum and .38 special.
Any that have the appropriate sized barrel
Yes
The actual bullet diameter (as well as that of the .38 Special) is .357.
Well, yes and no. Both the .357 Magnum and the earlier .38 Special catridge both use a bullet that is .357 inches in diameter. The .38 Special in not a TRUE .38 caliber cartridge.
I have seen people shoot accurately at 100 yards or more with a .38 pistol. However, in general, a pistol bullet can travel, on average, about a mile.