In order to escape the gravity of a black hole, an object would have to travel faster than the speed of light - something that is impossible.
To get pulled into a black hole, you must be within the black hole's event horizon, the point of no return. Otherwise, you will still be able to escape the black hole's gravity, if you traveled fast enough. Once you cross the event horizon, though, you will not be able to escape, no matter how fast you travel.
The escape velocity from the Sun at the Earth's distance is about 42.1 km/s. This means that for an object to escape the Sun's gravity at this distance, it would need to travel at that speed. The Earth's orbital speed around the Sun is about 30 km/s, so it is not moving fast enough to escape the Sun's gravity.
How far you have to move to remain in orbit around a black hole, or to escape it, depends on the distance from the black hole, as well as the black hole's mass.
It can never escape it entirely. It can, however, travel fast enough that the increasing distance outweighs the effect of the decreasing gravity. On earth, this velocity is about seven miles per second.
You would think very fast, since their gravity is so strong. However, the closer to a black hole something gets, the more warped is the spacetime. Time appears very slow near a black hole, so the question is does it take a really long time to suck summat up?
It isn't clear what exactly you mean with "escape gravity". The effects of Earth's gravity (for example) extend all the way to infinity, while getting weaker and weaker at a greater distance. So in a way, an object moving away from Earth never "escapes gravity". If an object moves fast enough - about 11.2 km/second near Earth's surface - it is said to have reached "escape velocity", in this case, it is fast enough never to come back. A rocket will reach escape velocity in a few minutes.
If you mean the rate - some of the larger supermassive black holes engulf matter at the rate of over a thousand solar masses a year. However, they don't do this all the time; it seems that such a rate cannot be sustained in the long term.
In the case of a black hole, the gravitational pull of the black hole is greater than the speed of light. Which means that the light is not fast enough to escape the gravitational pull of the black hole.
According to most sources, the minimum speed needed to escape the Earth's gravity is 11.2km/s, so a rocket would need to travel at least this fast to get into outer space.
Space shuttles must travel at 11km/s so that they can escape the force of gravity. the force of gravity is approximately 9.81. If you don't travel at a greater speed than the force of gravity, the rocket will not launch.
If fired fast enough, it can either begin orbit (unless/until it hits something else that stops it), or escape Earth's gravity and begin travel through space (again, until it hits something).
A black hole is a super-dense object in space, usually a star, which has become so massive it has collapsed in upon itself. The mass of such an object is so great that the gravitational field it creates pulls in everything nearby. As an object draws closer to a black hole, the gravity exerted upon it becomes more powerful, requiring more and more energy to counter the curvature of space. The speed it would take to overcome this curvature and pull away from the black hole is known as escape velocity. When an object draws close enough that its escape velocity exceeds the speed of light, the upper limit of how fast any object in the universe can travel, that object is trapped and will inexorably move in towards the center of the black hole, known as the singularity. The point at which the escape velocity exceeds the speed of light is called the event horizon. Nothing which has passed that point will ever return to normal space. As indicated above, the gravity of the singularity is so strong that nothing, even light itself, moves fast enough to escape the pull. The inability of light to get away from the object is what gives the black hole its name.