After the Exxon Valdez disaster all tankers are required to have double hulls and backup systems.
The Exxon Valdez disaster was the only one on your list that happened anywhere near Alaska.
The Exxon Valdez disaster
The Exxon Valdez disaster in 1989 highlighted significant responsibilities related to oil spill prevention and response. Exxon, as the operator of the tanker, was held accountable for the accident due to inadequate safety measures and crew training. The company faced legal and financial repercussions, emphasizing the need for stricter regulations in the oil industry to protect the environment and local communities. This incident ultimately led to reforms in maritime safety and environmental protection policies.
Dead Ahead The Exxon Valdez Disaster - 1992 TV is rated/received certificates of: Australia:PG Australia:M (DVD rating) USA:PG-13
Dead Ahead The Exxon Valdez Disaster - 1992 TV was released on: USA: 12 December 1992 Japan: June 1997 (video premiere)
California
Enviro Close-Up - 2003 The Ongoing Exxon Valdez Disaster 1-580 was released on: USA: 2 August 2004
They are considered some of the worst man-made environmental disasters in U.S. history.
He caused the Exxon Valdez oil spill.
It was an ecological disaster caused by a relatively new and well equipped ship in the hands of a less than competent Captain.
The Exxon Valdez oil spill occurred in Prince William Sound, which is part of the Gulf of Alaska. The incident took place on March 24, 1989, when the oil tanker Exxon Valdez struck a reef, releasing millions of gallons of crude oil into the ocean. This disaster had devastating effects on the local marine ecosystem and wildlife.
The major ethical issues in the Exxon Valdez oil spill had mostly to do with the irresponsibility of Exxon on allowing the ship to still be used with old technology. It was a single hull design. A newer double hull would not have caused such a disaster.