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A cactus is adapted to its water by the specialized functioning of specific body parts. For example, spreading, shallow, fibrous roots seek out the available moisture in the soil. They send any moisture and dissolved nutrients up to the stem for processing and storage. The stem is adapted to keep water and watery products and solutions inside, with little chance of escaping outside the plant. It does so with the help of a flexible, but thickened outer wall and of guard cellsthat control openings that are called stomata, or breathing pores. The effect of both is little chance of escape for any water or watery products and solutions inside.

The effect is compounded by the assistance of modified leaves in the form of thorns, spines, spikes, quills, prongs, needles, hairs, or bristles. The leaves channel any moisture available outside - be it dew, fog, or rain - down to the ground, to be taken up by the roots. And so the whole water grabbing, intaking, processing and storing starts all over again.

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