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How is antibiotic resistance similar to pesticide resistance in insects explain Pesticide resistance using four parts of natural selection?
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The use of an antibiotic resistance gene on a plasmid used in genetic engineering makes?
direct selection possible
Which type of selection tends to increase genetic variation?
Natural Selection.
Enumerate the types of selection constructs in c plus plus?
Selection constructs in C++if...elseswitch/caseconditional ternary operator (?:)
What is selection structure in programming?
2
When is quick sort better than selection sort?
Because the quick sort can be used for large lists but selection not. selection sort is used to find the minimum element ,but quick choose element called pivot and move all smaller nums before it & larger after it.
How does pesticide resistance develop over time?
The pesticide resistance develops over time due to the natural selection.
Pesticide resistance in mosquitoes is an example of?
accelerated rates of natural selection due to human involvement.. natural selection caused by human intervention.
How pesticides resistance evolve?
Pesticide resistance evolves through natural selection. When a pesticide is applied, some individuals within the target pest population may have genetic variations that make them less susceptible to the pesticide's effects. These individuals survive, reproduce, and pass on their resistant traits to their offspring, leading to an increase in resistance over time. Continuous use of the same pesticide can further select for resistance, making it more difficult to control the pest population.
How does the use of antibiotics and pesticides cause resistance in insects and bacteria?
The use of antibiotics and pesticides creates an artificial selection scenario that culls bacteria and insects that cannot survive the treatments. Those micro-organisms and insects that do not succumb to the effects of antibiotics and pesticides survive to reproduce, and their offspring share their resistance to the antibiotics and pesticides that did not kill them. Now the entire population is resistant. Here is an example of how to make a population of insects pesticide resistant (micro-organisms respond similarly to antibiotics): Assumption: Insect Population I has a 99% mortality when exposed to Pesticide P Stage 1: 100,000 Population I insects are treated with Pesticide P Stage 2: Pesticide P treatment kills 99% of Population P Stage 3: 1,000 insects survive and reproduce Stage 4: Population R is 100% resistant to Pesticide P
How did pesticide-resistant insects came about as a result of evolution?
Natural selection, the method by which evolution works, is driven by the fact that organisms that die before reproducing do not pass on their genes to their offspring and because of this only those that can survive long enough to reproduce will do so and thus populations tend to be filled with those who survive the best in their current environment. The few bugs that don't die from pesticide reproduce and have (mostly) pesticide-resistant offspring that, in turn, have even more pesticide-resistant offspring.
What evidence that supports that natural selection is the primary driving force leading to change over time in an organism?
Direct observation: Darwin's Finches, Nylonase Bacteria, virus/bacteria drug resistance, mosquito pesticide resistance, etc. It is always observed that those best at surviving are those that reproduce.
What contributes to the spread of antibiotic resistance among pathogenic bacteria?
Directional Selection
The use of an antibiotic resistance gene on a plasmid used in genetic engineering makes?
direct selection possible
How can resistance to DDT evolve in mosquitoes?
It works in this case just as it does in resistance to antibiotics. When the environment is changed, those living in it will be either affected or not. Some bacteria or mosquitoes will not be affected and some will. The affected ones will die and the others will not. Those that don't die will have genes that allow this to happen for them. They will pass those genes on to their offspring. Those offspring will also be resistance to what every pesticide or antibiotic being used to kill them. You are seeing actual natural selection and evolution at work. Penicillin was used in WW2 in 1943. Today, there are bacteria that are resistant to every antibiotic that we have. Some are resistant to 23. Unless the insecticide kills every mosquito, the ones that survive will grow in numbers and we will have to find something else. The most we usually can hope for is just to be able to control the numbers.
How is pesticide resistance an example of evolution?
Disinfectants are a type of antibiotic. Brand X kills 99.9% of all bacteria when used as directed. .1% of the bacteria survive. Let us say that the treated area is 1 square foot and the original population one type of bacteria was 1 million. This means that 10,000 of these bacteria survived due to any various differences between them and the dead. The 10,000 divide every 24 hours so, in a very short time, the 1 square foot area is repopulated with bacteria that has the genetic potential to survive the next round of disinfectants. Not all of these offspring will. Over time our handy dandy disinfectant only kills 80% and the amount of bacteria is still enough to cause illness. Extrapolate this scenario to the interior of the human body and the use of medications. Add the fact that many people DO NOT use them as directed any more than most people use a surface disinfectant as directed and we have a neat little breeding ground where natural selection occurs at an alarming rate.
Are Antibiotic resistance evolved through the process of natural selection acting upon random mutation?
Antibiotic resistance is developed as the organism grows more resistant to a chemical that doesn't kill it initially. In bacteria, this is a mutation and gives rise to various 'strains'.
What type of gene is used to distinguish bacteria that carry a plasmid containing foreign DNA from those that don' t?
The plasmid that contains foreign DNA is engineered to also carry an antibiotic resistance gene. This antibiotic resistance gene codes for a protein that is able to inactivate an antibiotic thus keeping the cell alive. In the absence of the antibiotic resistance gene, the cells would not survive when exposed to an antibiotic. After transfection (the process of inserting the plasmid carrying the foreign gene into cells), the cells are gown in media containing an antibiotic. Cells that contain the plasmid (and therefore contain the antibiotic resistance gene) are able to survive in this medium. Cells that do not contain the plasmid (and therefore lack the antibiotic resistance gene) do not survive in this medium. The process described above is called selection
