By radiation.
When an object is hot, it's electrons get energy so they go to a higher energy state, when they return to their ground state, they emit that energy in form of electromagnetic radiation (usually infrared), also unless the object is floating, it'll transfer heat to the objects that touch it.
The vacuum reduce heat loss by conduction and convection.
a vacuum flask is not 100% vacuum. it contains some particles or gas molecules which absorbs a small amount of heat.
The vacuum flask otherwise known as a thermos flask
A vacuum makes a good heat insulator.
There is a layer of vacuum which surrounds the flask, then the inside is covered by shiny material which will reflect the heat back into the flask, there are two lids, and there is an indirect gap of about 0.01mm.
The main heat loss in a good thermos flask, is due to heat conducted through the material. (Glass or Stainless Steel). There should be little heat lost through the vacuum of the flask.
The vacuum reduce heat loss by conduction and convection.
a vacuum flask is not 100% vacuum. it contains some particles or gas molecules which absorbs a small amount of heat.
There is a silvering in the vacuum flask in order to reduce the loss of heat through the means of radiation.
The outer surfaces do not need to be shiny. The interior ones do, to reflect heat back rather than let the heat pass out of the vacuum flask. The vacuum between the double walls of the flask also reduces heat loss.
The vacuum flask otherwise known as a thermos flask
A vacuum would retain the heat best, hence a thermos flask has a vacuum around it =-)
The vacuum reduces both conduction and convection.
There is no way to permanently store heat. The most you can expect, from a high-quality vacuum flask, is to keep the liquid cold, or hot, for a fairly long time. But gradually, some heat will seep in, or out, until the temperature in the vacuum flask will be equal to the temperature of the surroundings.
A vacuum makes a good heat insulator.
It's the vacuum that is maintained between the inner and outer containers of the vacuum flask that is the insulator. Heat is unable to move from the inner container through the vacuum to the outer container which is in contact with the outer world.
If you call it by its correct name "vacuum flask" the principle becomes clear. The flask consists of an inner and outer chamber, the space between the chambers is a vacuum. A vacuum cannot conduct heat, hence no losses between the two chambers.