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The speed of relative retreat of the star.
Doppler effect. This effect causes the wavelengths of light from a star to appear shorter (blueshifted) as it moves towards the Earth and longer (redshifted) as it moves away, providing valuable information about the star's motion in space.
An apparent change in position of a star due to the movement of the Earth in it's orbit. The closer the star is there is a larger shift and the further the star is there is a smaller shift.
If there is no observable Doppler shift, then the star is probably not moving very fast. This refers to the component of the star's movement toward us, or away from us - the "sideways" part of the movement can't be determined by the Doppler effect.
As a star moves away from us it has a red color shift.
It is moving away at a significant speed.
They can do so by examining the light from the star. Doppler shift can indicate this
No shift under those conditions.
The Doppler effect - a change in frequency, dependent on relative speed.
Hubble's red shift is due to movement, however, a large mass (star) will gravitationally cause a red shift. The former is studied; the latter is not.
Yes. If the star is moving away from the Earth, its spectral lines will shift towards the red end of the spectrum. If it is moving towards the Earth, its spectral lines will shift towards the violet end of the spectrum. This is due to Doppler effect.
The star's velocity (away from us, or towards us).