Very long.
One astronomical unit (AU) is the distance between the Earth and the Sun.
The force between the Earth and a body on Earth is the gravitational force, which is determined by the mass of the Earth, the mass of the body, and the distance between them. This force causes objects to be pulled towards the center of the Earth.
light year
Nothing. If the 'weight' of a body is the gravitational force between the body and the Earth, then as long as the body stays at about the same distance from the center of the Earth, its weight is constant, and has no connection with its motion.
-- the product of (your mass) times (earth's mass) -- the distance between the center of the earth and the center of you -- your daily caloric intake relative to your level of physical activity and metabolism
Altitude of a celestial body is the angular distance between the horizon and the body when viewed from a specific location on Earth. It is measured in degrees and ranges from 0° at the horizon to 90° at the zenith, directly overhead.
The Earth is the closest body to the moon.
Because gravity is the force of attraction between two objects, and the strength of the force depends on the distance between them. If the Earth is one of the objects and the other one leaves the Earth, then the force of gravity it feels is certainly going to change.
Your mass, the mass of the Earth, and the distance between you and the earth's center determine the gravitational force exerted on you by the Earth (i.e. your weight).
The direction distance between the initial and final position of a body is the magnitude of the displacement vector, which measures the straight-line distance between the two points. It indicates the shortest distance between the two positions regardless of the path taken.
Because your weight depends on the mass of whatever other body is near you, and your distance from it. The moon has much less mass than the earth has, so the force between you and the moon when you're on it is much less than the force between you and the earth when you're on it.
Their masses. The strength of a planetary body's gravitational field is directly related to its mass, and its effect on an object is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the centers of the bodies.