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Dialysis is not a permanent solution - the worse the kidney function becomes, the more dialysis is needed, until you're at at a stage where you're in hospital on dialysis full time (which is obviously not a life). Transplants are a more long term solution.
Depends why you are having the kidney transplant. If it is because you were on dialysis then you need to keep to the restricted diet you would have been given. Sometimes operations are cancelled at the last moment (surgeon got the flue etc etc) so you would not want to poison your body if then the transplant does not take effect. If however the transplant is required because you injured a kidney i.e. otherwise perfectly healthy, then eat within reason just before the operation (as long as not after the time they tell you to then cease food consumption), but eat what you like.
People who have kidney failure, which is when 90% or more of the kidneys do not work, must be on dialysis. When kidneys fail the body cant cleanse the body of waste. The persons blood will become toxic and the person will die without dialysis or a kidney transplant. That's just with kidney failure. Of course you can live with only one kidney. Say you only had one kidney, that one kidney would have to be over 50% damaged before a person would possibly need to be on dialysis. To simply answer your question, you could have no problems with a damaged kidney, but failed kidneys will cause death.
A person without kidneys that is not on dialysis may only live from a few days to several weeks before dying.
advantages: you will live and can get off dialysisdisadvantages: you have to have a kidney transplant
If a kidney does not work properly, some patients are put on dialysis, a machine that will do the work of the kidneys - filtering germs and other things from the body. Other times, people receive a kidney transplant. This is when the kidney of someone else is put into your body to work for you.
Because kidney dialysis, although effective, is not a long term solution due to the huge amount of time it requires. Dialysis is just not convenient - for a patient with very little kidney function, dialysis it takes up a vast amount of time each week, is not possible to do on holidays, and women cannot have children whist on dialysis. Whereas a kidney transplant is far more portable than a dialysis machine, does allow the possibility of children, and does not require a vast amount of maintenance per week. Although it does require daily medication and periodic check-ups, for most people it is still the "easier" long-term solution, compared to dialysis.
Depends on what is causing the kidney failure. If it is a chronic condition then, not it is not. If it is an acute condition then yes it is. Your doctor or the dialysis nurse rendering the treatment should be able to tell you which category you are in.
about 6 weeks and up
According to the National Kidney Foundation, 26 million American adults have chronic kidney disease; about 50,000 of those patients end up receiving renal replacement therapy, whether it be dialysis or (many fewer) a kidney transplant. As kidney disease progesses, the body's ability to process/eliminate wastes as well as regulate a number of metabolic processes diminishes. Common risk factors for the development of such kidney insufficiency include long-standing/poorly-controlled hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and poly-cystic kidney disease.
A kidney transplant would be better because a kidney machine doesn't fix the problem, it just takes the toxins out of the body. Also you have to spend, on average, 3-4 days a week at hospital for dialysis. You have to take the anti-rejection drugs the rest of your life probably but that is a small price to pay compared to losing your life, I would think, however you can reject the kidney and possibly forfit your life.
The main difference there would be that a kidney is an organ that helps the body maintain a proper balance of minerals, metabolites and other bodily fluids. Dialysis/a dialysis machine is a procedure/machine that can perform some of the basic functions of the kidneys for people experiencing either temporary or long term renal (kidney) failure. wikipedia has some accurate and in depth pages on both the kidney, and dialysis if you want to know more.