It lasts until evaporated.
Yes black hole is last stage of a star
If a black hole has spin, it will spin forever.
A miniature black hole is what forms when atoms smash at a rate to form a mini black hole, gobbling many protons and neurons and other extremely tiny things. Don't worry, they still don't "eat" very much. They also don't last very long.
Basically there is no "next stage". Well, it is believed that a black hole will evaporate, but that will take a long, long time.
You can't, if you call it in the black hole being inside the event horizon; that is if you mean inside the 'black' portion of the hole. If you say near the black hole, then it depends on how close and how much thrust, fuel and mass your ship has.
The sun should not become a black hole. It does not have sufficient mass to undergo the necessary collapse.
By building a machine that travels through space (like a rocket), and fly it against the direction of the Black Hole. For as long as the thrust of your rocket is above the gravitational pull of the Black Hole, you are away.
black hole
No human has ever come near a black hole. If one did, the intense gravitational pull of the black hole would pull them in and tear them to atoms, long before they reached the event horizon.
Scientists cannot be certain, as we have yet to experiment with a black hole, but they theorize that time would slow down relative to time far from the black hole.
If you jumped into an "ordinary" Schwarzschild black hole, you would be crushed into a long line of particles, which means death by a black hole. If you jumped into a Kerr black hole, the same process may occur, but the only thing different is that a Kerr black hole spins, and a Schwarzschild black hole does not. That answer needs a bit more detail. Please use the "related link" below.
No. The gravitational forces are so great that your body would be ripped apart long before you actually entered the black hole.