About 4 hours 30 minutes.
You can't fly directly. It would have to be Sacramento to LA. LA to London. London to Edinburgh. Edinburgh to St Andrews by bus or train.
About 7 hours
About 3 hours 30 minutes.
4 hours 30 minuites
About 4 hours.
You can't travel directly to Belfast by train because Belfast is in Ireland (an island) and Edinburgh is in Scotland.
You can't take a train directly from the Shetland Islands to London. You can't even fly directly between Shetland and London. You could travel by boat from Shetland to Aberdeen and then take a train or fly from there to London or you could fly from Shetland to Edinburgh and either fly or take a train from Edinburgh to London.
From London there are three major train services running to Scotland from London, East Coast, Virgin and Overnight Sleeper Services. These companies predict the journey to Scotland (depending on the destination) to be four and a half to five hours.
There are no direct trains. You will have to change trains and stations in Central London.
There are no direct trains between Holyhead and Edinburgh - you will have to change trains at least once. The journey time will be about 6 hours dependent on which train you catch.
There is no direct train from Paris to Scotland. One option is to take a train from Paris to London, and then take another train from London to Scotland. The total travel time can range from around 7 to 11 hours depending on the connections and routes chosen.
About an hour.