About 4 hours
About 4 hours 30 minutes.
Glasgow/London/Paris 7 hours 36 minutes
About 4.5 hours
Between 4 hours 30 mins and 5 hours 15 mins depending on which servcie and carrier you travel with
You can't travel directly from Heathrow to Bristol. The best way is probably to take a bus to Reading and get a train from there or travel into Central London and get a train there.
about 20 h
About two days
About 2.5 hours
About 35 minutes.
There are no trains from Minnesota to London, England. Train travel is not possible across the Atlantic ocean.
There is no direct bus service from Glasgow to Amsterdam. The best route would be to travel from Glasgow to London, which is around 9 hours by bus depending on traffic and time of day, then from London to Amsterdam which is around 11 hours by bus, again traffic depending. The total time would be 20 hours, plus any connection times.
You can't travel directly from Amsterdam to London by ferry because London doesn't have a ferry port. You would have to travel from Amsterdam to Hook of Holland by train (or drive), catch a ferry to Harwich and then take a train (or drive) to London.