First, they are called cartridges, not shells.
Second, only one cartridge can be chambered. Chambering a cartridge means placing it in the position where it will be fired. More than one may be loaded, but only one (at a time) can be chambered.
Last- how many cartridges can be loaded? Depends of the design of the firearm. One of my target rifles holds 5 cartridges. There are others that can hold 100. Sort of like "How much gas can you put in a car?" Depends on the car, and the size of the tank.
Winchester made many rifle models chambered in several .22 calibers.
Your rifle should be chambered for .22 Magnum. As such, the chamber is too long and too big for .22 Long Rifle and, if the shell will fire, the case will usually split. Not recommended.
Yes, you can.
No
No, it is/was not.
The number of .22 long rifle shells a Browning takedown rifle can hold depends on the specific model and magazine capacity. Browning takedown rifles typically have magazine capacities ranging from 10 to 25 rounds. To determine the exact number of .22 long rifle shells a specific Browning takedown rifle can hold, you would need to refer to the manufacturer's specifications for that particular model.
the 22 long rifle holds 11 cartridges
Chambering
No, it is a .338.
Only what it is chambered for.
All day long. Any shotgun can handle shorter shells than it is chambered for as long as they are the same gauge.
It will shoot any type it is chambered for.