There are version of Intel Pentium one through four as well as Intel Pentium Pro, Intel Pentium D, Intel Pentium M, Pentium (2009), and Pentium Duel Core.
Celeron doesn't refer to any particular processor series. Celerons were cost-reduced versions of their Pentium equivalents. The Celeron in question could be based on a Pentium 2, Pentium 3, Pentium 4, Pentium D, or Core 2 Duo. In which case the answers would be "Pentium 3, Usually Pentium 3, Celeron, Celeron, and Celeron", respectively.
Intel 8088 Intel 8086 Intel 286 Intel 386 Intel 486 Intel Pentium Intel Pentium II Intel Pentium III Intel Pentium IV Intel Itanium Motorola 6800 Zilog Z80
The Intel Pentium Dual-Core is much faster.
No. The Pentium predates the Pentium D by more than a decade.
Yes.
The Intel Pentium line encompasses many processors of many different architectures ranging from the original Pentium Processor of 1994 up to the Core 2 Duo based Pentium simply called the "Pentium". The Intel Pentium used to be Intel's flagship processor. Recently this position has been taken by the Core 2 Duo and Core i7. The Pentium now is reduced to a budget processor that offers lower performance but also lower cost.
On the contrary
No, you cannot.
They are no longer manufactured.
There is no such thing as an "Intel Premium" processor, and the Intel Pentium is 16 years old.
The Intel Pentium III was released on February 26, 1999.
No. It is much more powerful.