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The voltage (Electro Motive Force or EMF) of a battery depends on the type of cell used and the number of cells in series.

For example, the lead/acid battery in a car has six cells in series, and each one has a EMF of 2.2 volts when fully charged but not being charged, making 13.2 volts. When being charged, the voltage on each cell is raised by 0.1 volts, making the voltage now 13.8 volts.

When loaded, the battery output voltage will droop to some lower voltage due to the load current flowing through it's internal resistance. The amount of droop depends on the amount of load, the internal resistance, and the condition of the battery.

Various other battery systems have other cell voltages etc. Almost all cell types have EMFs in the 0.5 to 5 volt ranges.

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12y ago

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