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Basically, transformation refers to the uptake and incorporation of naked genetic material by a competent cell. Most bacterial cells are not naturally competent(able to take up naked genetic material). The kinds that are use a type 4 pilli to get the genetic material into the cell. This process is very rare in nature, since it requires naked genetic material to be present, from a lysed cell, as well as a competent cell to take up the genetic material. When the DNA/RNA is taken up, it is often degraded by restriction enzymes. If it is not degraded it can exist as extra chromosomal DNA, much like a plasmid, or it can be incorporated into the cells chromosome. Scientists use heat, pH, or osmotic shock in lab to make cells artificially competent.
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How can bacterial populations develop drug resistance and share that resistance with other bacteria?
Bacterial populations can develop drug resistance through mutations that make them less susceptible to antibiotics. They can also acquire resistance genes from other bacteria through mechanisms like conjugation, transformation, or transduction, allowing them to share resistance traits. This exchange of genetic material can lead to the rapid spread of drug resistance among bacterial populations.
In Things they carried why soldiers tell jokes about the war?
The soldiers in the story Things They Carried told jokes as a coping mechanism. Humor was used as a defense to keep their fears and sadness from getting to them.
Is raw milk bad for you?
Yes-carried increased risk for bacterial contamination that leads to illness or worse, and in some cases, death...
What is meant by feeder mechanism?
Generally a feeder mechanism is a subordinate part of a larger production process. It provides and supplies materials to a production process, machine or person for further manufacturing and modification of a product to be carried out.
Which type of sexual exchange occurs among bacteria in which DNA is carried into a bacterial cell by means of bacteriophage?
Transduction is the type of sexual exchange among bacteria in which DNA is carried into a bacterial cell by means of a bacteriophage virus. The bacteriophage acts as a carrier of genetic material, facilitating the transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another during the infection process.
How is the genetic material in a bacterial cell carried?
Bacteria are prokaryotes, which means that they do not have a nucleus (unlike eukaryotes, which do). Instead, their genetic material is contained freely in the cytoplasm of the cell; it is not bound inside a membrane.
How did Alexander think of penicillin?
He didn't. He "discovered" it by accident. I say that in quotes because the ancient Egyptians had recognized that some molds carried anti-bacterial properties.
What is the mechanism responsible for moving sand down the beach?
The mechanism responsible for moving sand down the beach is called longshore drift. This process occurs when waves approach the shore at an angle, causing the sand to be carried along the coast in a zigzag pattern.
What is the mechanism of the reaction between an epoxide and NaCN?
When an epoxide reacts with NaCN, the mechanism involves the nucleophilic attack of the cyanide ion on the epoxide carbon, leading to the formation of a cyanohydrin product. This reaction is typically carried out in a basic solution to facilitate the nucleophilic attack.
What step in the carbon cycle involves the transformation of radiant energy into chemical energy?
Photosynthesis is the step in the carbon cycle that involves the transformation of radiant energy from the sun into chemical energy stored in organic compounds such as glucose. This process is carried out by plants, algae, and some bacteria.
What is the purpose of the ampicillin in the transformation procedure?
The ampicillin resistance gene (AmpR) is called a selectable marker gene and is incorporated into several plasmids that are commonly used in a wide range of genetic engineering and molecular biology experiments. The function of a selectable marker gene is to provide the host containing the plasmid a certain property that is not inherently present in the host. For example, the AmpR gene codes for a protein that makes cells containing this gene resistant to the antibiotic ampicillin. Therefore, when plasmids are successfully transfected into bacterilal cultures, one can assess which colonies have taken up the plasmid by looking at which ones survive onampicillin-containing media. Those that do not survive do not have the plasmid. The surviving colonies can then be picked up and carried on to the next stage of experimental research.
How did Griffith experiments show that hereditary factor was involved in the bacterial transformation?
Griffith's experiments, conducted in the 1920s, demonstrated that non-virulent strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae could be transformed into virulent strains when exposed to heat-killed virulent bacteria. He observed that when live non-virulent bacteria were mixed with the heat-killed virulent bacteria, some of the non-virulent bacteria took up the hereditary material from the dead bacteria, becoming virulent themselves. This transformation indicated the presence of a "hereditary factor" that carried the information necessary for virulence, laying the groundwork for the later discovery of DNA as the genetic material.
