Depends on how big the Comet is.
No. The head of a comet is much, much smaller than Earth (and made of considerably less dense materials as well); a comet knocking Earth out of the solar system would be like a mosquito knocking your car off the highway.
earth is much larger than a comet. Comets look like huge dirty snowballs, and they have a tail.
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It is quite common for small meteors to hit the Earth. Larger impacts by an asteroid or comet are also possible but happen much less often.
since comets are big, dusty snow-balls, it doesn't much protection from most of a comet, and the atmosphere takes care of that. However, in the case of a direct hit by the head of a comet ... kerpow! The earth wouldn't really be damaged, but the little things (like us) would be.
They would not have seen many different things than we see when we are on Earth or when we fly. They would have seen the Earth itself and the Moon as they got near it, but things like the stars and other planets would not look a lot different from space than they would from Earth. In space, they would not be significantly closer to any of the stars or planets than they would be on Earth. They would have a clearer view of them as they would not be obscured by the atmosphere. Space is called space, because there is not much up there, so there is not a lot to see. The most interesting things for them to see would have been in orbit around the moon and on its surface, and not so much in the journey. Coming back to Earth and when leaving it, there would be a lot to see of Earth itself. It would have been spectacular to look at Earth from space.
Yes. Planets are much larger than comets.
Since you're launching from space there would be no gravity and air friction to overcome. Flight in space is much more fuel-efficient than it is within the atmosphere of the earth.
yes earth is much different than space because space has no air or water.
If you land a space ship on a comet or asteroid, then you can touch those (at great peril); meteorites are meteors that have struck the Earth, so you can touch those here on Earth with much less peril.
The amount of water on the Earth doesn't change very much at all. Trace quantities are dissociated into hydrogen and oxygen by sunlight, or launched into space on our various space craft. Water hardly ever arrives on the Earth from space, but a medium sized comet could deliver billions of gallons of water (and knock our civilization into a new Dark Age) if it collided with the Earth. Many scientists believe that cometary impacts may have provided the majority of Earth's water when our planet was still young.
The meteor is in the atmosphere and is only visible for seconds to minutes. The comet is much further away outside the atmosphere and can be observed for weeks to many months.