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They use different energy waves and send them into the earth and wait for the reflection of those waves and measure them with a detector. By different energy I mean different frequencies due to the fact that higher frequencies(like x-rays) can pass through dense material(like skin,muscle, and tissue) but reflect off a denser materials(like bones) to form an image (like an x- ray).

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Q: How scientists learn about the inner layer of the earth without being able to view it directly?
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