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Hardness of water is due to the presence of calcium and magnesium salts.

Genrally, soaps consist of Na salts of higher falty acods like sterai. oleic, obrc etc. which are highly soluble in water amd thus exert their cleansing action . If Ca and Mg salts are present , these react with soluble Na soap to form insoluble salts of Ca and Mg.

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11y ago
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14y ago

They are a combination of corrosion products from the system - such as various oxides of iron, and precipitated salts from the water. The typical precipitate is the highly insoluble calcium carbonate - it is formed when calcium hydrogencarbonate, sparingly soluble in water, is heated.

As water evaporates continuously the concentration of the dissolved salts increases.when the saturation points are reached,the salts are precipitated.If the precipitate is soft,loose and slimy ,it is sludge .on the otherhand if the precipitate is hard and adherent it is scale

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14y ago

Dissolved minerals in your tap water leave the liquid as it boils and stick to the side of your boiler.

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11y ago

Boiler scale makes the heat transfer to water to be boiled less efficient.

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7y ago

The water boils off and leaves impurities.

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6y ago

The cause is the deposition of insoluble salts or other materials from water.

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Q: What is disadvantageous in boilers sludge or scale?
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What is the difference between sludge and scale?

Hard Scale(Scale) - Forms in steam boiler -Has the appearance of a white and brown concentration -smooth texture Soft Scale(Sludge) -Forms in the hot water heaters -Appears as a thick ,brown or black sludge


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dimineralised water is also preferable to tap water for use in model steam engine boilers and model engines of other types. Mineral build-up resulting from the use of tap water in model boilers can severely reduce the efficiency of the boilers if run for long periods. This build-up is called boiler scale.


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