This will happen naturally if the element is radioactive and can be done artificially by means of neutron bombardment in a nuclear reactor or in the heart of a star.
Nuclear waste can not case an explosion is it's spent form. Once a reactor is done with Uranium rods as fuel they are put into lead lined containers and transported to spent fuel storage. A nuclear reactor can explode from hydrogen build up in the containment vessel, this is due to the reaction going on in the steam generation process, this does not happen in nuclear waste storage facilities.
Nuclear fission can be slowed by inserting control rods, such as boron or cadmium, into the reactor core. These control rods absorb neutrons, reducing the number available to initiate fission reactions and thus slowing down the rate of fission in the reactor.
The method of self-announcement is frequently done IN SMALL TOWNS.
There is a new reactor in Europe, a joint EU project, that will be producing a net increase in power when opperational (which has not yet been done on any large scale). There are also plans for a reactor of a similar design that will commercialy produce electricity which will be fed onto the grid.
The chain reaction in a nuclear reactor is controlled by inserting control rods made of materials like boron or cadmium into the reactor core. These control rods absorb neutrons and help regulate the rate of the chain reaction by adjusting the number of neutrons available for fission. Moving the control rods in or out of the core allows operators to control the power level and ultimately, the reaction itself.
The electrical output of the plant is accurately and continuously measured by normal electrical equipment. To get the nuclear reactor thermal output, it is basically necessary to know the coolant flow rate and the temperature rise. In a BWR you would also need to know the steam content of the reactor outlet. These calculations would not be done frequently but would be done at intervals to check the plant efficiency. An approximate indication of reactor power can be obtained from neutron flux measurement directly, but this is used to help the operators rather than for an accurate power measurement, because there are variations in instrument sensitivity as well as in the flux distribution in the core.
The first line of shielding is to limit the neutron bombardment of the pressure vessel, to give it a safe life of 40 or more years. Then you need to protect personnel who have to go into areas close to the reactor for maintenance, and also to limit the exposure of equipment which may need maintanance done during the life of the plant
The idea is to use it for nuclear fuel in other reactors, this is why it is called a breeder process. Uranium-238 which is not fissile is converted to Pu-239 in the breeder reactor, but of course there is a chemical separation process to go through before the Pu is available.
This is done in nuclear power plants, the heart of which is a nuclear reactor which produces heat from nuclear fission, this heat then produces steam and hence electricity in a similar way to a fossil fired plant. there are over 100 such reactors in the US, and others in Canada, UK, France, Russia, Japan, and other countries.
The excess thermal energy is used to heat a coolant. You know those tall cooling towers that are the hallmark of a nuclear reactor? The final cooling is often done by spraying the hot water onto the concrete tower.
in small towns