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By first loading a small bootstrap program. The bootstrap program then loaded the OS.

It is still done this way, except the bootstrap programon most modern computers is preloaded on ROM so it needs no special action on the part of the operator/user to load it as was needed on the early computers.

Some early computers used a 2 stage bootstrap to simplify thing for the operator/user: the small bootstrap program loaded a larger more powerful bootstrap program, which then loaded the OS. This is not necessary with the bootstrap program in ROM, the large bootstrap program would be the one in ROM.

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