rotation, pedal power.
Before sewing machines people sewed by hand.
The difference between a modern day sewing machine and an olden day sewing machine is the modern day sewing machines are powered by electric and not done by hand.
They were powered by handANS 2 -Many early sewing machines were powered by foot. Your feet worked back and forward on a 'treadle' at the base of the machine.
Using a treadle. (a lever worked by the foot that imparts motion to a machine.)
Same thing used today. Mostly small electric motors.
+- r 7500,00
Juki and Brother make sewing machines that are good.
Just like they do now, except foot powered. Flywheel connected to paddles, band of leather connected to drive shaft. The bobbins and internals have changed minimally.
Sewing machines are very heavy. As such, there is no such thing as a portable sewing machine.
Are you asking about a treadle machine? These were the ones used before electric sewing machines.
Yes, new sewing machines come with instructions.
The Phaff sewing machines are made in Germany, Europe.