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The Spanish had more advanced technology. Their guns had little effect, but frightened the Central American people. Their superior steel swords played a hand in this, too. In addition, the Spanish were in possession of horses, new and intimidating beasts to the Natives.

But their greatest weapon of all was a microscopic one-- disease. Before the small group of Spanish settlers that conquered the Natives, another group came before them. An African slave transmitted a disease that wiped out about 60-90% of the Native population. The Spanish were unaffected by this because of their tens of thousands of years of contact with domestic animals, and the survivors of the Black Plague passed on genetic resistance to these diseases.

This can all be found in the book Guns, Germs, and Steel.

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