An atom with 4 valence electrons will have to either gain 4 electrons or lose 4 electrons to achieve a full set of eight electrons.
An atom with five valence electrons can achieve a full set of eight valence electrons by either gaining three electrons (to reach a stable octet) or losing three electrons to have a stable arrangement. This would result in the atom forming an ionic bond, such as in the case of boron transferring three electrons to become the boride ion.
They all have a full set of valence electrons.
They will gain 3 electrons from something with 3 valence electrons.
The octet rule.
An element that does not require eight electrons for a full set of valence electrons is represented by the element symbol B. Boron only needs six electrons to complete its valence shell and achieve stability.
It does.
A full set of valence electrons typically consists of 8 electrons, except for hydrogen and helium, which have a full valence shell with 2 electrons.
Chemical bonding results in atoms forming stable molecules or compounds by sharing, gaining, or losing electrons to achieve a full outer electron shell. This process allows atoms to attain a more stable, lower-energy state by filling their outermost electron shell.
An atom with 5 valence electrons can achieve a full set of 8 valence electrons by either gaining 3 electrons through bonding with other atoms or losing 5 electrons by forming ionic bonds. Another option is to share electrons with other atoms through covalent bonding to reach a stable octet.
1 additional electron will give chlorine 8 in the valence. You can see in the Periodic table, that Chlorine is next to Argon ( 1 to the left of it) so it needs 1 more electron to have the same configuration as Argon.
Na has 1 valence electron, Cl has 7. Therefor the 1 electron from the Na goes onto the Cl so that both have a full set of valence electrons.
Phosphorus, with 5 valence electrons, needs to gain 3 electrons to have a full set of 8 valence electrons. This would allow it to achieve a stable octet configuration, resembling the noble gas configuration of argon.