Today we would convert the above numbers into Roman numerals as IX, XCIX, CMXCIX and MCMXCIX respectively which makes any form of mathematical operations with them almost impossible.
But during the Roman era the equivalent of 9 99 999 and 1999 were probably wrote out in a simplified format of IX, IC, IM and IMM respectively which makes addition straightforward as follows:-
IX+IC = CVIII (9+99 = 108)
CVIII+IM = MCVII (108+999 = 1,107)
MCVII+IMM = MMMCVI (1,107+1,999 = 3,106)
So when added together the answer is: MMMCVI which is the equivalent of 3,106
Giving to the poor and needy in Arabic is called "zakat" or "sadaqah".
In today's terms 1999 and 1776 expressed in Roman numerals are MCMXCIX and MDCCLXXVI respectively. To find the difference of these numerals is almost impossible because of the way that 1999 is expressed despite the fact that 1776 is correct. But the Romans would have probably expressed these numbers in the following manner IMM and MDCCLXXVI. IMM is a simplification of MDCCCCLXXXXVIIII So: MDCCCCLXXXXVIIII - MDCCLXXVI = CCXXIII (223) by cancelling out the numerals. Check: MDCCLXXVI + CCXXIII = MDCCCCLXXXXVIIII = IMM when simplified The way we work out Roman numerals today is different in the way that the Romans actually did themselves because the rules governing the Roman numeral system were changed in the Middle Ages. Presumably to make it easier to convert Roman numerals into Hindu-Arabic numerals that were gradually being introduced into Western Europe.
MMXIIII as the alternate (on clocks for example) version of number 4 is IIII
Under today's rules governing the Roman numeral system the above numbers when converted into Roman numerals officially add up to MCMXCIX (1999) but the Romans would have worked them out differently using an abacus counting device as follows:- MCCXXIII+DCCLXXVI = MDCCCCLXXXXVIIII (1223+776 = 1999) They then probably simplified these numerals in written form to IMM (2000-1 = 1999) in the same way that VIIII (9) is simplified to IX (10-1 = 9) It's worth noting that if the numerals MCMXCIX were arranged in the form of M+CM+XC+IX then they too would add up to IMM because the Romans probably added them together in the following manner:- M+CM = CMM (1000+900 = 1900) CMM+XC = XMM (1900+90 = 1990) XMM+IX = IMM (1990+9 = 1999) The real rules governing the Roman numeral system were changed during the Middle Ages presumably to make it easier to convert Roman numerals into Hindu-Arabic numerals and vice versa.
Today we write out 1999 in Roman numerals as MCMXCIX because of changes made to the rules governing the Roman numeral system during the Middle Ages and to add these numerals to MDCCLXXVI is almost impossible. But the Romans themselves would have calculated 1999 on an abacus counting device as MDCCCCLXXXXVIIII and probably simplified them to IMM by placing I to both sides of the numerals. So: MDCCLXXVI + (-I+MM) = MMMDCCLXXV (3775)
Notwithstanding today's notation of Roman numerals inasmuch that during the Roman era itself the equivalent of the above numbers were probably written out as IXX, IL, IC, ID and MCX respectively which makes addition quite straightforward as follows:- IXX+IL = LXVIII (19+49 = 68) LXVIII+IC = CLXVII (68+99 = 167) CLXVII+ID = DCLXVI (167+499 = 666) DCLXVI+MCX = MDCCLXXVI (666+1110 = 1776) Today's rules governing the Roman numeral system were introduced during the Middle Ages presumably to make it easier to convert Roman numerals into Hindu-Arabic numerals and vice versa.
4.5 = SV (-0.5+5=4.5) Because: 4.5 = IIIIS which can be simplified to SV And: II*IIIIS = VIIII which can be simplified to IX Roman Numerals: M=1000, D=500, C=100, L=50, X=10, V=5, I=1 and S=1/2
They are both the same because in todays modern notation of Roman numerals the equivalent of 1999 is MCMXCIX which means 1000+900+90+9 = 1999 But the ancient Romans would have probably gone for the simpler version of IMM which means 2000-1 = 1999
Advantages of using Roman numerals: In outlines, you can differentiate between indented subsections, giving more clarity to an outline. It is harder to misinterpret a number if the number is smudged in writing.Disadvantages: There is no "zero" in Roman numerals. They are much harder to add and subtract, especially in numbers greater than ten. The hindu-arabic numbering system is more succinct (for example, the year "1988" in Roman numerals is "MCMLXXXVIII". The largest number that can be expressed properly in Roman numerals is 3,999,999 as MMMCMXCIXCMXCIX (the bolded characters would have a line over them.
Under today's rules governing the Roman numeral system we would write out 1999 in Roman numerals as MCMXCIX which makes it almost impossible to perform any kind of arithmetical operations with them. But the Romans themselves would have calculated 1999 on an abacus counting board as MDCCCCLXXXXVIIII and probably simplified them to IMM (-1+2000 = 1999) in written form. So: MDCCCCLXXXXVIIII - CCXXIII = MDCCLXXVI (1776) Today's rules governing the Roman numeral system were introduced during the Middle Ages but that was long after 246 AD when there were no Romans around any more in England. Presumably these new rules were introduced to make it easier to covert Roman numerals into Hindu-Arabic numerals and vice versa. Roman numerals: M=1000, D=500, C=100, L=50, X=10, V+5 and I=1
In a poem
XIX is the correct roman numeral for 19.Another Answer:-Nowadays it is XIX but in ancient Rome it was IXX because its Latin word is undeviginti meaning one from twenty and there is no Latin word for the equivalent of XIX