You can measure weather using a thermometer, a barometer and an anemometer or other tool of choice.
The weather would be cold and windy.
Normal weather in Antarctica is windy and icy cold and is known as extreme cold weather.
A good site is Weather Underground, and I've linked it below. It has current conditions for dozens of stations, and you can click on any station to get more information and past weather records.
All weather in the Southern Oceans is unpredictable. The farther south he sailed, the colder the weather. His ships experienced a mix of sun, rain, wind and sleet as would any sailor to Antarctica.
yes
Antarctica
Antarctica controls nothing regardless of the meaning of the question -the weather?
No. Antarctica is a polar climate all year.
No. Weather does not affect the sun.
Antarctica has more than two types of weather
Yes. The extreme cold weather in Antarctica can be lethal.
There are no parts of Antarctica that are suitable for agriculture.