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GIS is a tool to display and analyze information geographically, so with this definition, almost anything can be applied to GIS. However, information regarding anatomy would find little benefit from GIS. For example, the human body does not have geographic space associated with it, i.e. the location of the heart cannot be described in coordinates or in relation other parts of the body because the location of a heart within the human body differs from each person; Whereas the location of New York has a set location on the Earth and can be related to other locations on the Earth. GIS can still be applied to anatomy, however, in certain ways that would not require geographic locations. For example, a geometric network with flow direction could be applied to the cardiovascular system. Since one would only be interested in creating a network and applying flow direction to what is essentially a layer of lines, GIS could theoretically be applied. Chemistry would also find little benefit from GIS because it primarily involves interaction with atoms, bonds, ions, protons, neutrons, etc. Such things are bound by specific characteristics and properties and have no geographic space associated with them. Of course one could use GIS to analyze and describe chemicals as it relates to something else, i.e. a GIS application showing CO2 gases over a region.
Computers
vector GIS, Raster GIS, Hybrid GIS
What GIS stand for in genetics
gis and dbms
GRASS GIS was created in 1984.
Quantum GIS was created in 2009.
GIS is basically cartography on a computer (information system). So GIS is an application of cartography.
Earning a certificate in GIS is not the same as GIS certification. Unless the certificate program you attended results in a higher degree such as a Bachelor's or Master's degree, there are no initials you can place after your name. GIS certification is a fee-based process currently handled by the GIS Certification Institute (GISCI), that evaluates the GIS proficiency of an individual by assessing their experience, education, and contributions to the GIS industry. Those individuals awarded certification by the GISCI may place the acronym GISP (for GIS professional) after their name.
GIS
TeleCAD-GIS was created in 2002-02.